Your fortnightly frequent11y newsletter, brought to you by @ChrisBAshton:

How studying fruit flies might help us prevent age-related hearing loss in humans

• Fruit flies are prone to age-related hearing loss – just like humans, whose molecular pathways of hearing are very similar – maintaining their sensitive hearing for about 85% of their 58 day lives. The article goes into more scientific detail than I’m able to summarise here, but the TLDR is that gene therapies have been applied to fruit flies such that older flies had hearing capabilities similar to younger flies. The same approach could in theory be applied to humans.

Virusdogs

• On BBC Radio 4 this morning, they were talking about how dogs can be trained to detect coronavirus in humans, and could be used for mass screenings at places like airports and train stations. Each dog takes around 8 weeks to train, and can process 250 people per hour. This initiative is still at the early feasibility study stage, and is asking for volunteers who have recently tested positive for coronavirus to apply for a training pack. The pack contains a mask and a T-shirt to wear for a few hours, and a prepaid envelope to return the worn contents to ARCTEC for training. A successful program could re-enable global travel.

Here are a couple of interesting articles focused on accessibility law suits in the USA, but well worth a read wherever you live: Expert witnesses in web accessibility cases (Part 1) and Expert witnesses in web accessibility cases (Part 2).

• In Part 1, Ken Nakata describes the Daubert standard of expert witness testimony, which requires that a scientific methodology is followed (peer-review, standards followed, widespread acceptance within the community, etc). Testimonies fail because they’re too high level, describing a general audit, which is “not a sufficient replacement for a proper explanation of overall methodology and process” [pertaining to this specific case].
• In part 2, Ken gets more specific. Many testimonies fail because they’re too broad, describing all the WCAG issues encountered, as that’s what accessibility specialists are used to doing in their reports. They should instead concentrate solely on issues that caused the plaintiff to “suffer injury”, where the “injury can be traced to the defendant’s illegal conduct”. So a blind person can sue a site where they were unable to purchase a product (the injury) if the site has not been built to be accessible to a screen reader (the illegal conduct). On the other hand, a blind person couldn’t sue a site for having a video missing captions because lack of captioning alone should not injure the blind plaintiff; a deaf plaintiff would have more grounds.

Accessible HTML toggle buttons

• Erik Kroes describes his accessible toggle switch, which makes use of a <button> with role="switch" and aria-checked="true" attributes. He chose <button> because “I want something to change instantly which a checkbox really should not be doing. In my experience, checkboxes that change things often clash with WCAG Criterion 3.2.1: On Focus. A aligns better with the goal of instant change”. It’s always interesting to see how different devs approach this problem.

webhint.io

• Webhint is an OpenJS Foundation project backed by Microsoft, that lints your website for accessibility, speed and cross-browser compatibility. It can be installed as a CLI tool, a browser extension, or run directly from the webhint scanner page. I tried it on one of my sites and though it didn’t find any accessibility issues, it found a lot of redundant meta tags which I should consider removing. A talk by Rachel Weil includes a live demonstration of the usage.

Renting while disabled: ‘Being in a wheelchair means I pay double the rent’

• 93% of the UK’s 8.5 million rental properties are inaccessible. It’s up to local authorities to set and enforce accessibility targets, but just 5% are requiring developers to construct wheelchair-suitable housing.
• Finding an accessible home is difficult as property websites lack accessibility filters, and estate agents are often useless. Habinteg Housing Association are hoping to launch an ‘online accessible property directory’, but it’s unclear from the article what scope it will have. There’s certainly a business opportunity here for someone to build the Rightmove of accessible housing.
• The Equality Act 2010 gives wheelchair users the right to make adaptations to their rented homes, but changes must be ‘reasonable’ (giving room to landlords to say no) and they must intend to live in the property for at least 5 years, making this unviable for many young renters.
• These adaptations cost on average £9,000, with a means-tested Disabled Facilities Grant covering only some of that cost. Life costs £583 per month more on average if you are disabled.

Alternative Text for CSS Generated Content

• An Adrian Roselli post about the new “CSS generated content alternative text” syntax, which allows you to specify alt text for CSS background images. For example: .new::before { content: url("./star.png") / "New!"; }. Browser support is very patchy and this should not be relied on yet, but it is a promising step as currently background images are not accessible to screen readers nor to sighted users using Windows High Contrast mode. It’s worth noting that the alt text won’t display if the image fails to load, so it’s still generally best to use a normal <img>.

The new normal — its something of a strain

• David Banes writes some tips on looking after your eyes now that many of us work from home and don’t have an office-like environment to work in. Some are obvious but need stating: take eye breaks, limit screen time where possible, remember to blink, etc. Try to reduce glare on your screen by turning lights behind you off, but aim for a softly lit environment. Try to keep your screen at arm’s length from you, with the top of the screen roughly at eye level. Finally, consider installing f.lux (for desktop and mobile) – software that adds a tint to your screen, getting gradually darker as the evening draws in, reducing blue light. It helps reduce eye strain and can also have a positive impact on your sleep.

The most useful accessibility testing tools and techniques

• Artem Sapegin describes how he tests a11y as a frontend developer. FastPass mode in the Accessibility Insights browser extension highlights the two most common issues to fix. He also uses axe. For contrast checking, he uses Chrome DevTools’ built-in contrast checker and Spectrum. He manually tests navigating the site with a keyboard (focus states etc), using a screen reader, and attempting to zoom in 200%. Finally, he checks the site in ‘browser reading mode’ and in dark mode.

Cursor Pro Mouse Highlighter

• This popped up in my inbox and it looks like a useful tool for people with mild/moderate visual impairments. Through a global toggle in your Mac’s native menu bar, it can be turned on to provide a highlight ‘orb’ around your cursor so that it is easier to keep track of, and a built-in magnifier such that if you hold a particular key while hovered over something, you zoom in slightly. It’s a paid app ($7.99), so a free alternative would be to go to Settings -> Accessibility -> Display -> Cursor and increase the ‘Cursor Size’, though this doesn’t have the highlight orb or zoom functionality.

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